![]() ![]() In elite athletic competitions, males and females are usually separated, thus avoiding disadvantages for females in terms of strength, power, and speed as compared to their male counterparts. The percentage of women participating in ultra-endurance sports has greatly increased in recent years. They, thus, provide an outstanding model to evaluate the effects of ultra-endurance activities on the human body. These extremely long races defy our physiological systems, inducing muscle injuries, respiratory fatigue, and cardiac and renal damage. In recent years, these competitive events have increased in popularity. Ultramarathon races are defined as sporting events that involve running and/or walking for distances greater than the official marathon distance of 42.195 km. Adjusting the menstrual cycle with HC would not provide any further benefit to the athlete’s competitive capacity. Fluctuations in endogenous testosterone levels were correlated with greater fatigability and muscle damage after the competition. A multivariate analysis demonstrated the protective role of testosterone against muscle damage and severe fatigue. ![]() Testosterone, estradiol, and the testosterone/estrogen ratio were significantly correlated with muscle fatigue and were found to be indirect markers of muscle damage. Furthermore, statistical differences were found in squat-jump and hand-grip test results after the ultramarathon. A repeated-measures analysis demonstrated significant differences in hematological values of CK and LDH pre-race as compared to immediately post-race and after 24/48 h. Strength measurements were obtained using the squat-jump and hand-grip test. ![]() Different variables were studied, including hematological parameters, body mass index, and body composition. ![]() Eighteen female ultra-endurance athletes were recruited to participate in the study. However, the influence of plasmatic sex hormones and the effects of different types of hormonal contraception (HC) on the modulation of physical performance in adult females remain to be fully clarified. In adult males, there is a clear association between physiological levels of endogenous sex hormones and physical performance. In recent years, increasing numbers of women have participated in extremely long races. ![]()
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